Proteins.1 Launches to Develop Single Molecule Protein Amplification Tech for Diagnostics

Finnish deep-tech startup, Proteins.1, launched with €4.7 million in pre-seed funding, led by Lifeline Ventures and Cloudberry Ventures, with in-kind support from VTT and Business Finland. Harnessing technology transferred from VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland, Proteins.1 is developing a PCR-like enzyme-free, ultra-sensitive amplification platform for the detection of proteins at the single-molecule level. The firm says it aims to transform early disease diagnostics by enabling detection of disease-related molecular warning signals long before there are clinical signs.

While polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technology has transformed modern diagnostics by allowing tiny amounts of DNA to be amplified into detectable signals, no equivalent amplification method has existed for proteins, which often signal the earliest onset of cancer, neurodegeneration, cardiovascular disease, and inflammatory conditions, the company notes. Proteins.1 aims to leverage its technology to establish a new category of ultra-sensitive protein diagnostics, combining high multiplexing, scalable chip-based detection, and significantly lower capital costs compared to existing systems.

The patented, physics-based technology introduces cyclic signal amplification for proteins, potentially enabling up to 1,000 times better sensitivity than current gold-standard platforms, Proteins.1 claims. Unlike conventional immunoassays that rely on enzymatic reactions prone to variability and noise, the Proteins.1 approach is solid-state, enzyme-free, and compatible with semiconductor-based photonic detection.

The platform replaces enzymatic signal amplification with a physics-based magnetic cycling mechanism that repeatedly reads a single captured protein molecule, accumulating signal clarity without increasing background noise. The company says this supports ultra-high sensitivity combined with high multiplexing, potentially enabling the simultaneous measurement of hundreds of biomarkers from a few drops of blood.

“For decades, diagnostics has been limited not by biology, but by what our instruments can detect,” commented Proteins.1 co-founder and CEO Prateek Singh, who is inventor of the core technology. “The body produces early warning signals long before disease becomes visible. Our mission is to make those signals measurable and actionable, years earlier than today.”

Built on research conducted at VTT and further validated through European Union breakthrough innovation funding, the technology has been granted U.S. and Finnish patents, and additional international applications are pending. Initially, the company aims to develop research-use-only applications in oncology, neurology, and immunology, before progressing toward regulated clinical diagnostics. “Early detection dramatically improves survival rates in diseases such as cancer and neurodegenerative disorders,” Singh continued. “If we can detect disease at the molecular stage rather than the symptomatic stage, we entirely change treatment possibilities.”

Proteins.1 plans to expand its engineering and product development team in Finland during 2026–2027, positioning itself as a European hub for next-generation diagnostic technology. “Proteins.1 represents the kind of deep scientific breakthrough that can redefine an entire industry,” said Jyri Engeström at Lifeline Ventures. “The team combines world-class research with proven experience in building and scaling regulated medtech businesses.” Cloudberry Ventures further highlighted the company’s strong alignment with European strengths in photonics, microfabrication, and precision engineering.

Added Rene Kromhof, at Cloudberry VC, “What sets Proteins.1 apart is a fundamentally new sensing approach. Rather than using enzymes that give you one chance to detect a protein, they use light and thin-film transistors to amplify the signal from a single protein until it rises above the noise. That dramatically improves sensitivity, and ultimately, how early disease can be caught.”

CEO Prateek Singh has previously raised venture capital for microfluidics ventures and holds multiple patent families. Co-founder and COO Harri Hallila previously built and exited a regulated medical device company. The broader team includes commercial leadership with experience in leading diagnostics platforms.

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The Download: cyberscammers’ banking bypasses, and carbon removal troubles

This is today’s edition of The Download, our weekday newsletter that provides a daily dose of what’s going on in the world of technology.

Cyberscammers are bypassing banks’ security with illicit tools sold on Telegram 

Inside a money-laundering center in Cambodia, an employee opens a banking app on his phone. It asks for a photo linked to the account, so he uploads a picture of a 30-something Asian man. 

The app then requests a video “liveness” check. The scammer holds up a static image of a woman who doesn’t match the account. After 90 seconds, he’s in. 

The exploit relies on illicit hacking services sold on Telegram that break “Know Your Customer” (KYC) facial scans. MIT Technology Review found 22 channels and groups advertising these services. This is what we discovered. 

—Fiona Kelliher 

Is carbon removal in trouble? 

—Casey Crownhart 

Last week, news emerged that Microsoft was pausing carbon removal purchases. It was a bombshell—Microsoft effectively is the carbon removal market, single-handedly purchasing around 80% of all contracted carbon removal. 

The report sparked fear across the industry, raising questions about the future of carbon removal and the role of Big Tech. Read the full story. 

This story is from The Spark, our weekly newsletter exploring the technology that could combat the climate crisis. Sign up to receive it in your inbox every Wednesday. 

The quest to measure our relationship with nature 

—Emma Marris 

Humans have done some destructive things to the ecosystems around us. But conservationists are learning that we can also be a force for good. 

To understand how we work best with nature, a group of scientists, authors, and philosophers have developed new measurements of human-nonhuman relationships. Now, a team in the United Nations is continuing the work. Find out why—and what they hope to achieve. 

This story is from the next issue of our print magazine, which is all about nature. Subscribe now to read it when it lands on Wednesday, April 22.  

The must-reads 

I’ve combed the internet to find you today’s most fun/important/scary/fascinating stories about technology. 

1 Ukraine says Russian troops have surrendered to robots  
They claim a fully automated attack captured army positions for the first time in history. (404 Media) 
+ Europe’s vision for future wars is full of drones. (MIT Technology Review) 
 
2 Monkeys with BCIs are navigating virtual worlds using only their thoughts 
The research could help people with paralysis. (New Scientist)  
+ But these implants still face a critical test. (MIT Technology Review) 
 
3 NASA wants to put nuclear reactors on the Moon 
They could power lunar bases and extend spaceflight. (Wired $) 
+ NASA is also building a nuclear-powered spacecraft. (MIT Technology Review) 

4 Plans for online age verification in the US are raising red flags 
Experts warn of compliance issues and potential data breaches. (NBC News) 
+ In the EU, an age verification app is about to launch. (Reuters $) 

5 An AI chip boom just pushed Taiwan’s stock market past the UK’s 
It’s risen past $4 trillion to become the world’s seventh largest. (FT $) 
+ Future AI chips could be built on glass. (MIT Technology Review) 

6 The public backlash against data centers is intensifying in the US 
Protests and litigation are blocking projects. (CNBC) 
+ One potential solution? Putting them in space. (MIT Technology Review) 

7 Five-minute EV charging is becoming a reality 
China’s BYD has started rolling it out. (Gizmodo)  
+ “Extended-range electric vehicles” are about to hit US streets. (Atlantic $) 

8 Stealth signals are bypassing Iran’s internet blackout  
Files hidden in satellite TV broadcasts keep information flowing. (IEEE) 
 
9 Shoe brand Allbirds made a shock pivot to AI, sending stock up 700%  
No bubble to see here, folks. (CNBC)  
+ What even is the AI bubble? (MIT Technology Review) 

10 The largest ever map of the universe is complete  
It captures 47 million galaxies and quasars. (Space.com) 

Quote of the day 

“I like the internet as much as anybody, but we’ve got to go on an internet diet. We don’t need to pay for corporations to do their internet stuff.” 

 —Sylvia Whitt, a 78-year-old retiree based in Virginia, tells the Washington Post why they’re protesting against data centers.  

One More Thing 

a collage of hands and suggestive body shapes

ISRAEL VARGAS

AI and the future of sex 

Some Republican lawmakers want to criminalize porn and arrest its creators. But what if porn is wholly created by an algorithm? In that case, whether it’s obscene, ethical, or safe becomes a secondary issue. The primary concern will be what it means for porn to be “real”—and what the answer demands from all of us. 

Technological advances could even remove the “messy humanity” from sex itself. The rise of AI-generated porn may be a symptom of a new synthetic sexuality, not the cause. Read the full story. 

—Leo Herrera 

We can still have nice things 

A place for comfort, fun and distraction to brighten up your day. (Got any ideas? Drop me a line.) 

+ An animator turned his son’s drawings into epic anime characters. 
+ Hundreds of baby green sea turtles made a spectacular first journey to the ocean. 
+ You can now track rocket launches from take-off to orbit in real time. 
+ These musical mistakes prove that even the classics aren’t perfect. 

Development of a Contextualized, Research-Based Flemish Assessment Framework for Digital Care, Assistance, and Support: Delphi Study

<strong>Background:</strong> The rapid evolution of digital technologies has transformed health, mental health, and social care, offering new modalities of digital care, assistance, and support through web-based platforms, mobile apps, extended reality, wearables, and artificial intelligence systems. Despite this proliferation, there is little consensus on what constitutes “high-quality” digital care. Challenges persist regarding data security, interoperability, accessibility, sustainability, and professional competence, whereas existing standards and regulations provide fragmented guidance. <strong>Objective:</strong> This study aimed to develop a contextualized, consensus-based quality assessment framework for digital care, assistance, and support in Flanders, Belgium. For this purpose, perspectives across technology, organizational processes, and professional competencies were integrated. <strong>Methods:</strong> The study used a multiphase design comprising (1) 10 expert interviews with Flemish government officials; (2) a narrative literature review of 303 peer-reviewed and gray literature sources; (3) a 3-round Delphi study with 50 experts across 5 domains (end users, facilitators, technology developers, deontology and ethics experts, and digital inclusion and media literacy experts); and (4) 4 complementary focus groups and 3 interviews with specialists in artificial intelligence, regulation, social work, mental health, and IT. The Delphi rounds gathered iterative feedback through open-ended elicitation, structured rating, and classification of quality criteria. Quantitative data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, whereas qualitative feedback was subjected to thematic analysis. <strong>Results:</strong> A total of 50 experts participated in round 1, a total of 40 (80%) participated in round 2, and 27 (54%) participated in round 3. Round 1 generated 577 unique quality criteria, consolidated into 26 clusters organized under 3 pillars: technology, organization, and professional competencies. The relative importance across pillars was balanced (mean score 37.29, SD 12.38 for technology; 33.33, SD 10.39 for professional competencies; and 29.80, SD 10.45 for organizations). Accessibility, reliability, and safety ranked highest for the technology; vision, quality monitoring, and infrastructure ranked highest for organization; and support, digital competencies, and ethics ranked highest for professional competencies. The finalized framework included 112 criteria, of which 35 (31.3%) were designated as optional and 77 (68.8%) were designated as minimum requirements. Focus groups and interviews validated the framework’s comprehensiveness and usability, emphasizing proportional implementation, user centrality, and alignment with European Union regulations. Stakeholders highlighted the need for tools, training, and governance mechanisms to ensure adoption and sustainability. <strong>Conclusions:</strong> This study produced a codeveloped, context-sensitive quality assessment framework that balances technological robustness, organizational readiness, and professional competence in digital care, assistance, and support. The framework can serve both as a quality safeguard and a developmental road map. Accompanying self-assessment and governance tools enhance practical applicability. Implementation success will depend on governmental support, resource allocation, and structured feedback loops. Future research should pilot the framework in real-world settings, assess its impact, and establish mechanisms for continuous updates to maintain relevance in a rapidly evolving digital landscape. <strong>Trial Registration:</strong>

Call for expert – Research & report on deinstitutionalisation and psychosocial disabilities in Europe

Seeking an expert to support the development of a study on deinstitutionalisation (DI) and psychosocial disabilities in Europe, exploring how mental health systems and disability-inclusive policies can be better aligned at the EU level.

The post Call for expert – Research & report on deinstitutionalisation and psychosocial disabilities in Europe appeared first on Mental Health Europe.

Want to understand the current state of AI? Check out these charts.

If you’re following AI news, you’re probably getting whiplash. AI is a gold rush. AI is a bubble. AI is taking your job. AI can’t even read a clock. The 2026 AI Index from Stanford University’s Institute for Human-Centered Artificial Intelligence, AI’s annual report card, comes out today and cuts through some of that noise. 

Despite predictions that AI development may hit a wall, the report says that the top models just keep getting better. People are adopting AI faster than they picked up the personal computer or the internet. AI companies are generating revenue faster than companies in any previous technology boom, but they’re also spending hundreds of billions of dollars on data centers and chips. The benchmarks designed to measure AI, the policies meant to govern it, and the job market are struggling to keep up. AI is sprinting, and the rest of us are trying to find our shoes.

All that speed comes at a cost. AI data centers around the world can now draw 29.6 gigawatts of power, enough to run the entire state of New York at peak demand. Annual water use from running OpenAI’s GPT-4o alone may exceed the drinking water needs of 12 million people. At the same time, the supply chain for chips is alarmingly fragile. The US hosts most of the world’s AI data centers, and one company in Taiwan, TSMC, fabricates almost every leading AI chip. 

The data reveals a technology evolving faster than we can manage. Here’s a look at some of the key points from this year’s report. 

The US and China are nearly tied

In a long, heated race with immense geopolitical stakes, the US and China are almost neck and neck on AI model performance, according to Arena, a community-driven ranking platform that allows users to compare the outputs of large language models on identical prompts. In early 2023, OpenAI had a lead with ChatGPT, but this gap narrowed in 2024 as Google and Anthropic released their own models. In February 2025, R1, an AI model built by the Chinese lab DeepSeek, briefly matched the top US model, ChatGPT. As of March 2026, Anthropic leads, trailed closely by xAI, Google, and OpenAI. Chinese models like DeepSeek and Alibaba lag only modestly. With the best AI models separated in the rankings by razor-thin margins, they’re now competing on cost, reliability, and real-world usefulness. 

Chart of the performance of top models on the Arena by select providers, showing the Arena score from May 2023 to Jan 2026 with the models all trending upward.  The scores are tightly packed by US based Anthropic, xAI, Google and OpenAI lead Alibaba, DeepSeek and Mistral (in that order.) Meta trails the pack.

The index notes that the US and China have different AI advantages. While the US has more powerful AI models, more capital, and an estimated 5,427 data centers (more than 10 times as many as any other country), China leads in AI research publications, patents, and robotics. 

As competition intensifies, companies like OpenAI, Anthropic, and Google no longer disclose their training code, parameter counts, or data-set sizes. “We don’t know a lot of things about predicting model behaviors,” says Yolanda Gil, a computer scientist at the University of Southern California who coauthored the report. This lack of transparency makes it difficult for independent researchers to study how to make AI models safer, she says.

AI models are advancing super fast

Despite predictions that development will plateau, AI models keep getting better and better. By some measures, they now meet or exceed the performance of human experts on tests that aim to measure PhD-level science, math, and language understanding. SWE-bench Verified, a software engineering benchmark for AI models, saw top scores jump from around 60% in 2024 to almost 100% in 2025. In 2025, an AI system produced a weather forecast on its own.  

“I am stunned that this technology continues to improve, and it’s just not plateauing in any way,” says Gil.

line chart of Select AI Index technical performance benchmarks vs human performance, showing that skills such as image classification, English language understanding, multitask language understanding, visual reasoning, medium level reading comprehension, multimodal understanding and reasoning have surpassed the human baseline at or before 2025, with autonomous software engineering, mathmatical reasoning and agent multimodal computer use trending towards meeting the human baseline by 2026.

However, AI still struggles in plenty of other areas. Because the models learn by processing enormous amounts of text and images rather than by experiencing the physical world, AI exhibits “jagged intelligence.” Robots are still in their early days and succeed in only 12% of household tasks. Self-driving cars are farther along: Waymos are now roaming across five US cities, and Baidu’s Apollo Go vehicles are shuttling riders around in China. AI is also expanding into professional domains like law and finance, but no model dominates the field yet. 

But the way we test AI is broken

These reports of progress should be taken with a grain of salt. The benchmarks designed to track AI progress are struggling to keep up as models quickly blow past their ceilings, the Stanford report says. Some are poorly constructed—a popular benchmark that tests a model’s math abilities has a 42% error rate. Others can be gamed: when models are trained on benchmark test data, for example, they can learn to score well without getting smarter. 

Because AI is rarely used the same way it’s tested, strong benchmark performance doesn’t always translate to real-world performance. And for complex, interactive technologies such as AI agents and robots, benchmarks barely exist yet. 

AI companies are also sharing less about how their models are trained, and independent testing sometimes tells a different story from what they report. “A lot of companies are not releasing how their models do in certain benchmarks, particularly the responsible-AI benchmarks,” says Gil. “The absence of how your model is doing on a benchmark maybe says something.” 

AI is starting to affect jobs

Within three years of going mainstream, AI is now used by more than half of people around the world, a rate of adoption faster than the personal computer or the internet. An estimated 88% of organizations now use AI, and four in five university students use it. 

It’s early days for deployment, and AI’s impact on jobs is hard to measure. Still, some studies suggest AI is beginning to affect young workers in certain professions. According to a 2025 study by economists at Stanford, employment for software developers aged 22 to 25 has fallen nearly 20% since 2022. The decline might not be pinned on AI alone, as broader macroeconomic conditions could be to blame, but AI appears to be playing a part.

two line charts showing the normalized headcount trends by age group from 2021 through 2025. On the left for software developers the early career (age 22-25) cohort drops rapidly after a peak in September 2022, with other ages still rising albeit less steeply.  On the right, customer support agents see a similar trend, although the decline for the early career group is less steep than for software developers.

Employers say that hiring may continue to tighten. According to a 2025 survey conducted by McKinsey & Company, a third of organizations expect AI to shrink their workforce in the coming year, particularly in service and supply chain operations and software engineering. AI is boosting productivity by 14% in customer service and 26% in software development, according to research cited by the index, but such gains are not seen in tasks requiring more judgment. Overall, it’s still too early to understand the bigger economic impact of AI. 

People have complicated feelings about AI 

Around the world, people feel both optimistic and anxious about AI: 59% of people think that it will provide more benefits than drawbacks, while 52% say that it makes them nervous, according to an Ipsos survey cited in the index. 

Notably, experts and the public see the future of AI very differently, according to a Pew survey. The biggest gap is around the future of work: While 73% of experts think that AI will have a positive impact on how people do their jobs, only 23% of the American public thinks so. Experts are also more optimistic than the public about AI’s impact on education and medical care, but they agree that AI will hurt elections and personal relationships.

Bar chart of US perceptions of AI's societal impact contrasting US adults with AI experts, with the percentage of AI experts saying that AI will have a positive impact in the next 20 years is 2-3 times higher than the US adults.  The most optimistic AI experts are in the field of medical care with 84% predicting a positive outcome (versus 44% of US adults.) The greatest difference is for jobs with experts polling at 73% and US adults  polling at 23%.  Both groups have a similar (11% for experts and 9% of adults.) expectation for a positive outcome for AI in elections.

Among all countries surveyed, Americans trust their government least to regulate AI appropriately, according to another Ipsos survey. More Americans worry federal AI regulation won’t go far enough than worry it will go too far. 

Governments are struggling to regulate AI

Governments around the world are struggling to regulate AI, but there were some minor successes last year. The EU AI Act’s first prohibitions, which ban the use of AI in predictive policing and emotion recognition, took effect. Japan, South Korea, and Italy also passed national AI laws. Meanwhile, the US federal government moved toward deregulation, with President Trump issuing an executive order seeking to handcuff states from regulating AI. 

Despite this federal action, state legislatures in the US passed a record 150 AI-related bills. California enacted landmark legislation, including SB 53, which mandates safety disclosures and whistleblower protections for developers of AI models. New York passed the RAISE Act, requiring AI companies to publish safety protocols and report critical safety incidents.

line chart showing the number of AI-related bills passed into law by all US states from 2016-2025, which increases sharply in 2023 and peaks with 150 bills in 2025.

But for all the legislative activity, Gil says, regulation is running behind the technology because we don’t really understand how it works. “Governments are cautious to regulate AI because … we don’t understand many things very well,” she says. “We don’t have a good handle on those systems.”

Joint Statement: Disability rights in the trilogue negotiation of the Regulation on Protection of Adults

Joint Statement: Disability rights in the trilogue negotiation of the Regulation on Protection of Adults Brussels, Belgium – 8 April 2026 A group of equality organisations calls on the EU Institutions to ensure the EU’s Regulation on Protection of Adults protects the fundamental rights of persons with disabilities and older persons. The call is shared […]

The post Joint Statement: Disability rights in the trilogue negotiation of the Regulation on Protection of Adults appeared first on Mental Health Europe.

Desalination plants in the Middle East are increasingly vulnerable

MIT Technology Review Explains: Let our writers untangle the complex, messy world of technology to help you understand what’s coming next. You can read more from the series here.

As the conflict in Iran has escalated, a crucial resource is under fire: the desalination technology that supplies water across much of the region.

In early March, Iran’s foreign minister accused the US of attacking a desalination plant on Qeshm Island in the Strait of Hormuz and disrupting the water supply to nearly 30 villages. (The US denied responsibility.) In the weeks since, both Bahrain and Kuwait have reported damage to desalination plants and blamed Iran, though Iran also denied responsibility.

In late March, President Donald Trump threatened the destruction of “possibly all desalinization plants” in Iran if the Strait of Hormuz was not reopened. Since then, he’s escalated his threats against Iran, warning of plans to attack other crucial civilian infrastructure like power plants and bridges.

Countries in the Middle East, particularly the Gulf states, rely on the technology to turn salt water into fresh water for farming, industry, and—crucially—drinking. The mounting attacks and threats to date highlight just how vital the industry is to the region—a situation made even more precarious by rising temperatures and extreme weather driven by climate change.

Right now, 83% of the Middle East is under extremely high water stress, says Liz Saccoccia, a water security associate at the World Resources Institute. Future projections suggest that’s going to increase to about 100% by 2050, she adds: “This is a continuing trend, and it’s getting worse, not better.”

Here’s a look at desalination technology in the Middle East and what wartime threats to the critical infrastructure could mean for people in the region. 

A vital resource

Desalination technology has helped provide water supplies in the Middle East since the early 20th century and became widespread in the 1960s and 1970s.

There are two major categories of desalination plants. Thermal plants use heat to evaporate water, leaving salt and other impurities behind. The vapor can then be condensed into usable fresh water. The alternative is membrane-based technology like reverse osmosis, which pushes water through membranes that have tiny pores—so small that salt can’t get through.

Early desalination plants in the Middle East were the first type, burning fossil fuels to evaporate water, leaving the salt behind. This technique is incredibly energy-intensive, and over time, processes that rely on filters became the dominant choice.

Membrane technologies have made up essentially all new desalination capacity in recent years; the last major thermal plant built in the Gulf came online in 2018. Many reverse osmosis plants still rely on fossil fuels, but they’re more efficient. Since then, membrane technologies have added more than 15 million cubic meters of daily capacity—enough to supply water to millions of people.

Capacity has expanded quickly in recent years; between 2006 and 2024, countries across the Middle East collectively spent over $50 billion building and upgrading desalination facilities, and nearly that much operating them.

Today, there are nearly 5,000 desalination plants operational across the Middle East.

And looking ahead, growth is continuing. Between 2024 and 2028, daily capacity is expected to grow from about 29 million cubic meters to 41 million cubic meters.

Uneven vulnerabilities

Some countries rely on the technology more than others. Iran, for example, uses desalination for about 3% of its municipal fresh water. The country has access to groundwater and some surface water, including rivers, though these resources are being stretched thin by agriculture and extreme drought.

Other nations in the region, particularly the Gulf countries (Bahrain, Qatar, Kuwait, the United Arab Emirates, Saudi Arabia, and Oman), have much more limited water resources and rely heavily on desalination. Across these six nations, all but the UAE get more than half their drinking water from desalination, and for Bahrain, Qatar, and Kuwait the figure is more than 90%.

“The Gulf countries are much, much more vulnerable to attacks on their desalination plants than Iran is,” says David Michel, a senior associate in the global food and water security program at the Center for Strategic and International Studies.

There are thousands of desalination facilities across the region, so the system wouldn’t collapse if a small number were taken offline, Michel says. However, in recent years there’s been a trend toward larger, more centralized plants.

The average desalination plant is about 10 times larger than it was 15 years ago, according to data from the International Energy Agency. The largest desalination plants today can produce 1 million cubic meters of water daily, enough for hundreds of thousands of people. Taking one or more of these massive facilities offline could have a significant effect on the system, Michel says.

Escalating threats

Desalination facilities are quite linear, meaning there are multiple steps and pieces of equipment that work in sequence—and the failure of a component in that chain can take an entire facility down. Attacks on water inlets, transportation networks, and power supplies can also disrupt the system, Michel says. 

During the Gulf War in 1991, Iraqi forces pumped oil into the gulf, contaminating the water and shutting down desalination plants in Kuwait. 

The facilities are also generally located close to other targets in this conflict. Desalination is incredibly energy intensive, so about three-quarters of facilities in the region are next to power plants. Trump has repeatedly threatened power plants in Iran. In response, Iran’s military has said that if civilian targets are hit, the country will respond with strikes that are “much more devastating and widespread.” Other governments and organizations, including the United Nations, the European Union, and the Red Cross, have broadly condemned threats to infrastructure as illegal. 

But war isn’t the only danger facing these plants, even if it is the most immediate. Some studies have suggested that global warming could strengthen cyclones in the region, and these extreme weather events could force shutdowns or damage equipment.

Water pollution could also cause shutdowns. Oil spills, whether accidental or intentional, as in the case of the Gulf War, can  wreak havoc. And in 2009, a red algae bloom closed desalination plants in Oman and the United Arab Emirates for weeks. The algae fouled membranes and blocked the plants from being able to take water in from the Persian Gulf and the Gulf of Oman.

Desalination facilities could become more resilient to threats in the future, and they may need to as their importance continues to grow. 

There’s increasing interest in running desalination facilities at least partially on solar power, which could help reduce dependence on the oil that powers most facilities today. The Hassyan seawater desalination project in the UAE, currently under construction, would be the largest reverse osmosis plant in the world to operate solely with renewable energy. 

Another way to increase resilience is for countries to build up more strategic water storage to meet demand. Qatar recently issued new policies that aim to improve management and storage of desalinated water, for example. Countries could also work together to invest in shared infrastructure and policies that help strengthen the water supply through the region. 

Preparedness, resilience, and cooperation will be key for the Middle East broadly as critical infrastructure, including the water supply, is increasingly under threat. 

“The longer the conflict goes on, the more likely we’ll see significant water infrastructure damage,” says Ginger Matchett, an assistant director at the Atlantic Council. “What worries me is that after this war ends, some of the lessons will show how water can be weaponized more strategically than previously imagined.”