Tag: Bipolar

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A high-dimensional atlas of parvalbumin interneuron soma morphology in mouse visual and somatosensory cortex

Parvalbumin-positive (PV+) inhibitory interneurons are central components of experience-dependent plasticity in the visual cortex (V1). Anatomically, they are distributed across cortical layers and are traditionally classified as basket, chandelier, or bipolar cells based on dendritic and axonal arborization patterns. In parallel, physiological, transcriptomic, connectomic, and multimodal studies have revealed substantial diversity within PV+ populations, raising the question of how this diversity is organized within cortical circuits. In contrast, light microscopy studies based on soma labeling have primarily quantified PV+ cells using size and density, and the potential of soma morphology to capture this diverse organization remains unclear. To address this, we developed a high-throughput, data-driven approach to quantify PV+ soma morphology in > 14,000 cells from mouse V1 and somatosensory cortex (S1). Using 97 morphological features combined with clustering, phenotyping, and laminar mapping, we identified structured diversity in PV+ somas. PV+ cells were organized into 13 morphological clusters along partially independent gradients of size and shape. Phenotyping identified four size and five shape categories that describe PV+ cell diversity across cortical areas. Mapping these categories onto cortical layers revealed a structured organization in which specific morphologies are enriched within distinct laminar compartments. This organization aligns with cortical architecture and suggests that PV+ interneuron morphology is systematically related to circuit structure. These findings demonstrate that substantial morphological information can be extracted from standard PV+ labeling approaches using quantitative analysis. Together, this work provides a high-dimensional atlas of PV+ interneuron soma morphology in mouse V1 and S1 and establishes a framework for linking cellular anatomy to circuit organization and experience-dependent plasticity.
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Beyond aesthetic outcomes: psychodermatological benefits of botulinum toxin treatment in the upper facial third. A narrative review

BackgroundBotulinum toxin type A (BoNT-A) is widely used in aesthetic dermatology, particularly for dynamic wrinkles in the upper facial third. Beyond cosmetic effects, BoNT-A may influence emotional processing through the skin-brain axis. This narrative review synthesizes evidence on psychological and psychiatric outcomes of upper facial BoNT-A treatment, with a focus on mechanisms extending beyond aesthetics.MethodsA structured search was conducted in PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science through January 2026. Search terms included “botulinum toxin,” “upper facial third,” “psychodermatology,” “facial feedback,” “depression,” “anxiety,” and “psychiatric disorders.” Original studies, randomized controlled trials (RCTs), observational studies, systematic reviews, and meta-analyses assessing psychological, psychiatric, or neurobiological outcomes were included.ResultsUpper facial BoNT-A is associated with clinically meaningful reductions in depressive and anxiety symptoms, and improvements in self-perception and social functioning. Inhibition of corrugator and procerus muscles modulates afferent signaling to limbic structures, supporting the facial feedback hypothesis. Neuroimaging evidence demonstrates attenuated amygdala activation after BoNT-A treatment. Psychosocial improvements may reinforce these neurobiological effects. Evidence in bipolar disorder and personality disorders remains limited and methodologically heterogeneous. Caution is advised in patients with body dysmorphic disorder.ConclusionsBoNT-A in the upper facial third provides psychodermatological benefits beyond aesthetics, improving emotional regulation and affective symptoms. It should be considered a complementary intervention within a biopsychosocial framework. Future large-scale RCTs with standardized psychiatric and neurobiological endpoints are warranted.
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<![CDATA[Experts urge early bipolar disorder treatment, highlighting lithium’s underuse despite neuroprotective, antisuicidal benefits and evidence that delays worsen outcomes and responsiveness.]]>
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Additive impulsivity and emotion dysregulation in adolescents with comorbid bipolar and substance use disorder: a cross-sectional factorial study

IntroductionComorbid bipolar disorder (BD) and substance use disorder (SUD) in adolescence is associated with poor clinical outcomes, yet the independent and interactive contributions of impulsivity and emotion dysregulation remain poorly understood.MethodsThis cross-sectional study employed a 2 × 2 factorial design to examine impulsivity, measured with the Barratt Impulsiveness Scale-11, and emotion regulation difficulties, measured with the Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale, across four groups of adolescents (N = 128; aged 12–18 years): BD+SUD (n = 32), BD-only (n = 32), SUD-only (n = 32), and healthy controls (n = 32). All clinical participants were assessed during euthymia. Factorial analyses of covariance controlled for age, sex, residence, family structure, and income.ResultsSignificant BD × SUD interactions were found for emotion regulation, F(1,120) = 35.89, p < .001, ηp2 = .230, and impulsivity, F(1,120) = 9.51, p = .002, ηp2 = .073. The BD+SUD group showed the highest scores on both measures, exceeding the SUD-only group by 38.90 points on emotion dysregulation and 26.72 points on impulsivity. In the substance-using subsample (n = 64), impulsivity was the strongest predictor of substance use severity (B = 0.61, p < .001; R2 = .48). The BD+SUD group also displayed earlier illness onset, mixed-feature predominance, greater polydrug use, and exclusive high-lethality suicide attempts. Low income was the strongest exploratory predictor of clinical group membership.DiscussionThese findings support an additive comorbidity model in which BD and SUD jointly amplify impulsivity and emotion dysregulation, and they highlight the need for integrated, impulsivity-focused interventions in adolescents with dual diagnoses.
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Ejaculation-Preserving Versus Standard Bipolar TUEP for BPH

Conditions: Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia; Lower Urinary Tract Symptoms; Benign Prostatic Obstruction

Interventions: Procedure: Ejaculation-Preserving Bipolar Transurethral Enucleation of the Prostate; Procedure: Standard Bipolar Transurethral Enucleation of the Prostate

Sponsors: Beni-Suef University

Recruiting
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<![CDATA[Phase 2 trial shows elunetirom rapidly eases bipolar depression symptoms with strong response, good tolerability, and FDA Fast Track momentum.]]>
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FOCUS Bipolar: Families Opening Conversations for Understanding Signs

Conditions: Bipolar Disorder (BD); Bipolar Disorder I or II; Bipolar Disorder Family Members; Screening Tool

Interventions: Other: Co-design Workshop (Observational Procedure); Other: Alpha Testing (Observational Procedure); Other: Beta Testing (Observational Procedure); Other: Youth Screening Pathway & Brief Follow-Up Interview (Observational Procedure)

Sponsors: University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center; The Texas Child Mental Health Care Consortium (TCMHCC)

Recruiting
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Recommendations for Research and Clinical Implementation of Ambulatory Assessment, Mood Monitoring, Digital Phenotyping, and Remote Measurement Technology in Mood Disorders: Synthesis of Systematic Review Findings

Background: Ambulatory assessment and active and passive monitoring all offer a real-time, flexible approach to assessing mood and behavior in mood disorders. Despite their potential, concerns remain regarding the performance, usability, adherence, and potential safety of these tools. Objective: This study synthesizes the findings from 7 systematic reviews, integrating quantitative and qualitative data from randomized trials, observational studies, and user experience research to evaluate the performance, feasibility, acceptability, and clinical impact of ambulatory assessment and mood monitoring in people with depression and bipolar disorder. We assessed studies over the medium or long term (3 months or more). Methods: A summary of a series of systematic reviews was carried out by the authors—including meta-analyses (for quantitative data) and meta-syntheses (for qualitative data). Eight electronic databases were searched, and mixed methods studies were included. Studies were assessed for risk of bias. The results were checked for coherence, and recommendations were made by individuals with lived experience, methodologists, and psychiatrists. GRADE (Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development, and Evaluation) was used to assess the quality and strength of the evidence. Results: The 111 included studies included 19,945 participants and used 69 different ambulatory assessment protocols or mood-monitoring interventions. Key barriers to implementation were identified, including performance inconsistency, adverse effects, and user disengagement. Evidence-based recommendations are provided to guide future clinical and research applications. Conclusions: Ambulatory assessment and mood monitoring hold promise in research and clinical practice, yet their implementation requires more rigorous evaluation, greater personalization, and responsible, user-centered design. Crucially, these measures can add granularity and confirmation, but additional context is often required, and none of these measures are robust enough yet to replace current outcomes.
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