Major Depressive Disorder from a Brain-Body Perspective: Reproducible Central Cardiac Interoception Deficits and Peripheral Autonomic Dysfunctions Dissociate

Brain-heart interaction (BHI) offers a systems-level framework for understanding major depressive disorder (MDD), yet reproducible cross-system markers remain unclear. We aimed to identify reproducible BHI impairments in MDD and clarify their physiological and clinical correlates.