Radically different
President Trump nominated Erica Schwartz on Thursday to be director of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, tapping a former public health leader for a position that has been filled mostly on a part-time or interim basis during the second Trump administration.
Schwartz was deputy surgeon general during the first Trump administration and spent much of her career in health roles in the U.S. military.
On this week’s episode of the Readout LOUD: a pancreatic cancer breakthrough and new hope for an off-the-shelf CAR-T treatment in lymphoma.
Your favorite biotech podcasting crew is back to full strength this week, and we’re bringing you two newsy guest interviews. First, we’ll talk with Allogene Therapeutics Chief Medical Officer Zach Roberts about new study results that bolster the company’s efforts to develop an off-the-shelf CAR-T therapy for B-cell lymphoma, a type of blood cancer.
Thousands of genes are expressed differently in the brains of men and women, researchers have discovered.
The findings could help explain differences in neurodevelopmental, psychiatric, and neurodegenerative disorders between the sexes.
While men are more likely to experience schizophrenia, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, and Parkinson’s disease, women are more prone to mood disorders and Alzheimer’s disease.
The U.S. study, in Science, is the first systemic single-cell survey of sex differences in gene expression across multiple regions of the human brain.
“Together, these findings provide a comprehensive map of molecular sex differences in the human brain and offer initial insight into their underlying mechanisms and potential functional consequences,” Alex DeCasien, PhD, from the National Institute of Mental Health in Bethesda, Maryland, told Inside Precision Medicine.
DeCasien and co-workers conducted a high-resolution analysis of gene expression in tissue samples from the brains of 15 men and 15 women using single-nucleus RNA sequencing.
They then used data from earlier large neuroimaging studies to select six cortical regions to sample, four of which showed sex-related differences in grey matter volume and two in which no such differences were found.
The team found subtle but widespread differences in gene activity between men and women. Biological sex explained very little of the variance in gene expression across the brain, at less than 1%, but differences were widespread—with more than 3000 genes showing different expression according to sex in at least one cortical region.
The greatest sex-related differences in gene expression were on the sex chromosomes. However, most of the genes showing sex-related variations in expression were autosomal—carried on one of the 22 numbered non-sex chromosomes.
The predominant driver for sex-biased expression of genes on these autosomal chromosomes were sex steroid hormones such as estrogen and testosterone.
Surprisingly, more than half the X chromosome genes in women were expressed in both alleles for at least one cell type. This indicated that many had escaped X chromosome inactivation—a female phenomenon in which one of the two X chromosomes is switched off early in development to stop women producing double the number of X-linked gene products to men.
“That finding has implications for understanding sex-biased disease susceptibility because several genes implicated in neurodevelopmental disorders reside on the X chromosome,” commented Jessica Tollkuhn, PhD, from Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, and S Marc Breedlove, from Michigan State University, in an accompanying Perspective article.
They noted that autosomal genes showing sex-biased expression were substantially enriched for extracellular matrix components, hormone signaling pathways, and metabolic processes. “Genes with greater expression in women were enriched for mitochondrial and synaptic functions, whereas male-biased genes were associated with metabolic and structural pathways,” the editorialists added.
“By pinpointing these sexually differentiated processes, the data provide a treasure trove for the discovery of biomarkers of and/or therapeutic targets for differential disease risk in men and women.”
DeCasien and team added: “These findings raise the possibility that sex differences in gene expression modulate the magnitude of genetic effects at risk loci, contributing to differences in disease vulnerability and to reduced portability of polygenic risk prediction across sexes.”
The post Brain Gene Variations Help Explain Neurological and Psychiatric Sex Differences appeared first on Inside Precision Medicine.
Cells and tissues have a multitude of methods for intercellular communication. Nanoscale assemblies that transfer proteins and RNAs between cells are known, but the impacts of external additions or synthetic materials is unclear.
Researchers from the University College of Dublin’s Centre for BioNano Interactions (CBNI) explored detailed changes in nanostructure-biological hybrid complexes as they leave one cell and enter another.
“We had long believed that there are natural couriers and gateways that allow special, very small particulates to communicate in organisms,” said lead author Kenneth Dawson, DPhil, CBNI director.
The team published their work in a paper titled, “Condensate corona–nanoparticle complexes transfer functional biomolecules between cells” in Nature Materials.
In rare instances, a subset of nanoparticles that enter a cell undergo an unexpected transformation, acquiring a coating known as a “condensate corona.” This corona allows for regulated entrance into the cell.
“By gaining access to these natural gateways, it could be possible to ferry ‘toolkits’ of functional biomolecules, for example, extended corrective messages, directly into previously inaccessible areas within cells, and across biological barriers, greatly improving the effectiveness and, importantly, the safety of RNA-, gene- and protein-based therapies,” said lead author associate professor Yan Yan, PhD, UCD School of Biomolecular and Biomedical Science.
Using “magnetic-cored, silica-shelled nanoparticles precoated with a grafted or adsorbed biomolecular corona,” the researchers created a scaffold that provided the cell with a recognition cue, allowing for the cells to deposit a secondary corona. With magnetic cores, and silica shells that carry fluorescent labels, the nanoparticles are easily controlled, extracted, and visualized.
Live-cell imaging showed that these additionally transformed nanoparticles were re-exported and retained both their original corona, along with their new cell-derived layer.
“By combining magnetic core extraction with an optimized pulse–chase regime and post-isolation washing, we obtained highly reproducible particle-complex isolates with minimal background contamination,” the authors wrote. Analysis showed that the cell-derived corona was “solid-like, structurally stable and biochemically robust.”
They also identified protein profiles using stable-isotope amino acid labelling (SILAC) in the cells producing the corona, followed by mass spec analysis. These proteins have a high affinity for the ER and mitochondria and about 70% of the proteins have been previously associated with mesoscopic intracellular RNA granules.
“With the prototype in our hands, we were able to break into these communications and understand how biological information is shared between cells. From there, we began to send our own messages via the same system,” Dawson noted.
In further tests, the team found that within endosomes of the recipient cell, the corona detaches from the core and the fates of the core and corona diverge, with the proteins and RNA components of the corona escaping the endosome—and escaping degradation—to be distributed within and access targets in the cell. They were able to disrupt this process and keep the corona and the attached materials, in the endosome by grafting short peptides onto the coronal surface.
Utilizing CRISPR-Cas9 they tested the functionality of corona-bound particles that escape the endosome. They generated particle complexes for bioluminescent markers to monitor functionality. Analysis revealed “intact enzymatic activity can be delivered to recipient cells by condensate-borne cargo.”
The authors explained that together, their data suggest these condensates function as an encoded biomolecular transfer program that are activated by the recipient cell. They wrote: “It is remarkable that such architectures, built entirely from endogenous biomolecules of producer cells, can embody transfer programs that overcome most of the challenges faced within nanoscale therapeutics.”
“The findings provide a new blueprint for sending strategic and therapeutically effective biological messages to currently inaccessible locations in the body. That points towards a new concept of medicine that could reverse, rather than manage, currently intractable diseases,” concluded Dawson.
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WASHINGTON — Health Secretary Robert F. Kennedy Jr. returned to Capitol Hill Thursday, where he defended the administration’s efforts to fight health care fraud and improve affordability — and worked to avoid discussions about vaccine policy.
An hours-long Ways and Means hearing Thursday morning covered a wide range of topics related to Kennedy’s Department of Health and Human Services and kicked off a marathon series of testimonies about the president’s proposed budget.
Later, during a hearing with the House Appropriations health subcommittee, Kennedy said the president would release the name of the nominee to lead the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention before the end of the week. (Soon after, Trump announced the nominee.)
Though the placebo effect is a well documented phenomenon, the neurological mechanisms that underlie the process are still not fully understood. Now scientists from multiple institutions led by a team at the University of California San Diego (UCSD) have pinpointed the brain circuitry in mice that they believe is responsible for placebo pain relief. Details of their findings are published in a new paper in the journal Neuron. In it, they describe brain regions that support placebo effects and highlight sites where endogenous opioid neuropeptides send signals that are important for placebo pain relief.
The paper is titled “Top-down control of the descending pain modulatory system drives multimodal placebo analgesia.” According to the team, theirs is the first study to establish placebo mechanisms by adapting a protocol used for humans to work in mice. Working alongside labs at the University of Pennsylvania, University of California Irvine, and elsewhere, the UCSD team detected activity in parts of the mouse brain that correspond to those previously implicated in human studies. Furthermore, by precisely mapping neural pathways and brain activity in the mice, the team identified essential roles for neural circuits that link the cortex to the brainstem and spinal cord during placebo pain relief.
They also found that training mice to exhibit a placebo effect with one type of pain results in relief from several different types of pain including pain from injuries. That is particularly notable because it has “direct implications for how placebo training in humans might be used to produce resilience to future pain that results from injury,” explained Matthew Banghart, PhD, an associate professor in UCSD’s neurobiology department and lead author on the study. The findings also open a door to “expectancy-driven” placebo effects as a substitute for addictive painkillers, he noted, meaning that it might be possible to use placebo conditioning to train patients to build preemptive resilience to pain.
Full details of the findings and methods used are provided in the paper. In it, the teams explain that they used sensor technology and a light-activated drug developed in the Banghart lab to study the role of naturally-occurring opioid peptides in the brain. Specifically, they used the sensors to detect opioid peptide signaling in the ventrolateral periaqueductal gray (vlPAG) region, a known hub for pain signaling, during placebo trials. They then used the light-activated drug called photoactivatable naloxone, or PhNX, to establish that these opioid peptides actually drive pain relief in a manner similar to drugs like morphine. The light allowed the scientists control and timing of the opioid signaling interference. Using PhNX, they confirmed that both morphine-induced pain relief and placebo pain relief use the same opioid signaling pathway in the vlPAG region of the brain.
Essentially, “we trained a mouse brain to create its own broad-spectrum painkillers on demand, precisely where they are needed to treat pain, without the off-target effects of opioid-based painkillers,” said Janie Chang-Weinberg, a PhD student in the biological sciences graduate program at UCSD and one of the first authors on the study.
Future studies planned by the team will dig more deeply into how placebo learning unfolds in the brain and evaluate different placebo training strategies in mice with an eye towards developing protocols that readily translate to produce placebo pain resilience in people living with chronic pain.
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Finnish deep-tech startup, Proteins.1, launched with €4.7 million in pre-seed funding, led by Lifeline Ventures and Cloudberry Ventures, with in-kind support from VTT and Business Finland. Harnessing technology transferred from VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland, Proteins.1 is developing a PCR-like enzyme-free, ultra-sensitive amplification platform for the detection of proteins at the single-molecule level. The firm says it aims to transform early disease diagnostics by enabling detection of disease-related molecular warning signals long before there are clinical signs.
While polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technology has transformed modern diagnostics by allowing tiny amounts of DNA to be amplified into detectable signals, no equivalent amplification method has existed for proteins, which often signal the earliest onset of cancer, neurodegeneration, cardiovascular disease, and inflammatory conditions, the company notes. Proteins.1 aims to leverage its technology to establish a new category of ultra-sensitive protein diagnostics, combining high multiplexing, scalable chip-based detection, and significantly lower capital costs compared to existing systems.
The patented, physics-based technology introduces cyclic signal amplification for proteins, potentially enabling up to 1,000 times better sensitivity than current gold-standard platforms, Proteins.1 claims. Unlike conventional immunoassays that rely on enzymatic reactions prone to variability and noise, the Proteins.1 approach is solid-state, enzyme-free, and compatible with semiconductor-based photonic detection.
The platform replaces enzymatic signal amplification with a physics-based magnetic cycling mechanism that repeatedly reads a single captured protein molecule, accumulating signal clarity without increasing background noise. The company says this supports ultra-high sensitivity combined with high multiplexing, potentially enabling the simultaneous measurement of hundreds of biomarkers from a few drops of blood.
“For decades, diagnostics has been limited not by biology, but by what our instruments can detect,” commented Proteins.1 co-founder and CEO Prateek Singh, who is inventor of the core technology. “The body produces early warning signals long before disease becomes visible. Our mission is to make those signals measurable and actionable, years earlier than today.”
Built on research conducted at VTT and further validated through European Union breakthrough innovation funding, the technology has been granted U.S. and Finnish patents, and additional international applications are pending. Initially, the company aims to develop research-use-only applications in oncology, neurology, and immunology, before progressing toward regulated clinical diagnostics. “Early detection dramatically improves survival rates in diseases such as cancer and neurodegenerative disorders,” Singh continued. “If we can detect disease at the molecular stage rather than the symptomatic stage, we entirely change treatment possibilities.”
Proteins.1 plans to expand its engineering and product development team in Finland during 2026–2027, positioning itself as a European hub for next-generation diagnostic technology. “Proteins.1 represents the kind of deep scientific breakthrough that can redefine an entire industry,” said Jyri Engeström at Lifeline Ventures. “The team combines world-class research with proven experience in building and scaling regulated medtech businesses.” Cloudberry Ventures further highlighted the company’s strong alignment with European strengths in photonics, microfabrication, and precision engineering.
Added Rene Kromhof, at Cloudberry VC, “What sets Proteins.1 apart is a fundamentally new sensing approach. Rather than using enzymes that give you one chance to detect a protein, they use light and thin-film transistors to amplify the signal from a single protein until it rises above the noise. That dramatically improves sensitivity, and ultimately, how early disease can be caught.”
CEO Prateek Singh has previously raised venture capital for microfluidics ventures and holds multiple patent families. Co-founder and COO Harri Hallila previously built and exited a regulated medical device company. The broader team includes commercial leadership with experience in leading diagnostics platforms.
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Researchers at Karolinska Institutet and KTH Royal Institute of Technology have developed an improved method for creating insulin-producing cells from human stem cells. In a newly published study, the team demonstrated that these cells effectively regulate blood sugar levels in laboratory tests and can reverse diabetes in mice.
“We have developed a method that reliably produces high-quality insulin-producing cells from multiple human stem cell lines,” said Per-Olof Berggren, PhD, professor at the Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet. “This opens up opportunities for future patient-specific cell therapies, which could reduce immune rejection.” Berggren and Siqin Wu, PhD, researcher at Spiber Technologies AB (formerly at Karolinska Institutet), are co-corresponding authors of the researchers’ published paper in Stem Cell Reports, titled “An optimized protocol for efficient derivation of pancreatic islets from multiple human pluripotent stem cell lines.”
Type 1 diabetes (T1D) occurs when the immune system destroys insulin-producing cells in the pancreas, meaning the body can no longer absorb glucose from the blood and regulate blood sugar levels. “In type 1 diabetes (T1D), autoimmune destruction of β cells results in loss of glycemic control,” the authors wrote.
One possible treatment strategy is to replace these cells with new ones. However, previous methods of producing such cells from stem cells have often yielded mixed results. Stem cell therapy for type 1 diabetes is already being tested in several clinical trials. However, a challenge with previous methods is that the stem cells often develop into a combination of the desired and undesired cell types, increasing the risk of complications. Another challenge is that the insulin-producing cells created are often not mature enough to respond well to glucose.
“The success of cell therapy for type 1 diabetes (T1D) depends on reliable differentiation of stem cells into functional pancreatic islets,” the authors noted. They pointed out that previous protocols have exhibited variable efficiency across different human pluripotent stem cell (hPSC) lines. “Differentiation beyond the stage (S) 4 pancreatic progenitor (PP) stage frequently yields heterogeneous cultures containing proliferative non-endocrine cells and immature endocrine cells … increasing the risk of cyst or tumor formation,” the team further commented.
The newly optimized production process reported by Berggren and colleagues yields more mature and purer insulin-producing cells than previous methods. In a laboratory setting, the cells were able to secrete insulin and responded strongly to glucose. When the researchers transplanted these cells into streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic mice, the animals gradually regained the ability to regulate their blood sugar. “By adjusting the culture steps and allowing the cells to form three-dimensional clusters themselves, many unwanted cell types are eliminated and the cells gain a better ability to respond to glucose, according to the researchers. “Single-cell analyses show that the SC-islets are free of non-endocrine cell populations before and after transplantation,” the team stated.
The transplantation was performed in the anterior chamber of the eye (ACE) which provides a transparent and accessible site for noninvasive monitoring of engrafted SC-islets through the cornea, the team pointed out. Transplantation into this compartment is also straightforward and minimally invasive. In their paper, the team noted, “Intraperitoneal glucose tolerance tests (IPGTT) at three, four, and six months post-transplantation showed improved glucose handling over time … SC-islet transplantation reversed hyperglycemia by three months, and by five–six months blood glucose levels fell slightly below pre-STZ baselines.”
Berggren commented, “This is a technique we use to monitor the development and function of the cells over time in a minimally invasive way. We observed that the cells gradually matured after transplantation, retaining their ability to regulate blood sugar for several months, which demonstrates their potential for future treatments.”
Fredrik Lanner, PhD, professor at the Department of Clinical Science, Intervention and Technology, Karolinska Institutet, and last author of the paper, added, “This could solve several of the problems that have previously hindered the development of stem cell-based treatments for type 1 diabetes. Building on this, we will work towards clinical translation aiming at treating type 1 diabetes.” In their report the authors concluded, “Our protocol generated glucose-responsive SC-islets from all eight hPSC lines tested … demonstrating potential for autologous applications … Our efficient differentiation protocol represents a key step toward autologous cell therapy, though further work is required to realize this goal.”
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UCLA researchers have found that macrophages with a senescent phenotype may be actively driving progression of fatty liver disease. A study published today in Nature Aging reports that clearing this aging cell population in mice dramatically reduced liver inflammation and reversed damage even without any dietary changes.
“Senescent cells are fairly rare, but think of them like a broken-down car,” said Anthony J. Covarrubias, PhD, assistant professor at the UCLA David Geffen School of Medicine and senior author of the study. “Just one stalled car can back up traffic for miles. Now imagine five or ten of them slowly accumulating. That’s what these cells do to a tissue: even a small number causes enormous disruption.”
As cells age and become senescent, they are known to drive chronic inflammation across a range of tissues. While previous research has shown that eliminating senescent cells can improve health and lengthen lifespan, there is still a limited understanding of which cells undergo the senescence process and how to distinguish them from healthy cells.
This is especially the case for cells that naturally share hallmark features with senescent cells, as is the case of macrophages; when activated, macrophages secrete a range of inflammatory cytokines and immunomodulatory metabolites that many senescent cells also produce when driving chronic, age-driven inflammation.
The researchers found that no single biomarker was enough to identify senescent macrophages. Instead, they identified that this aging cell population was defined by the simultaneous expression of p21 and Trem2 proteins, together with altered nuclear morphology, lipid metabolism and type I interferon (IFN) hyperactivation.
In mice, senescent macrophages carrying this molecular signature were found to surge from 5% in young mice to up to 80% in older ones, correlating with a rise in chronic liver inflammation during normal aging. In addition, excess cholesterol was found to push macrophages into a senescent state where they stopped dividing, increased secretion of inflammatory proteins and activated expression of p21 and Trem2.
“Physiologically, macrophages can handle cholesterol metabolism,” said Ivan A. Salladay-Perez, graduate student in the Covarrubias lab and lead author of the study. “But in a chronic state, it’s pathological. When you look at fatty liver disease, which is driven by overnutrition and too much cholesterol in the blood, that excess cholesterol appears to be a major driver of the senescent macrophage population.”
Experiments using a publicly available genomic dataset of patient liver biopsies found that the same senescent macrophage signature was increased in diseased livers compared to healthy ones, suggesting they also play a role in chronic liver disease in humans.
In mice with a high-fat, high-cholesterol diet, a drug that selectively kills senescent cells was found to reduce overall body weight and make livers healthier—smaller and with a lower fat percentage. These findings suggest that clearing senescent macrophages from the liver does not just slow the progression of fatty liver disease, but can actually reverse it without changing the diet.
Because the drug tested in mice is too toxic for humans, the researchers plan to begin drug screening studies to identify new compounds that can replicate these effects. They will also be exploring whether this therapeutic target could be expanded to a range of other age- and cholesterol-driven conditions where senescent macrophages have been observed.
“It all goes back to understanding how these cells arise in the first place,” said Salladay-Perez. “If you really understand the basic mechanisms driving inflammation with aging, you can target those same mechanisms to treat not just fatty liver disease, but atherosclerosis, Alzheimer’s and cancer.”
The post Aging Immune Cells Linked to Fatty Liver Disease appeared first on Inside Precision Medicine.
Scientists at Boston Children’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School have uncovered evidence that rare, localized genetic mutations may spark the onset of devastating brain diseases even when those mutations are present in only a tiny fraction of cells.
The Nature Genetics study, which focused on amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and frontotemporal dementia (FTD), discovered that these conditions can start with somatic “mosaic” mutations that spread throughout the nervous system.
Despite the association of a handful of genes with these neurodegenerative diseases, 90–95% of cases arise sporadically, without a family history, leaving their origins unclear. Researchers genomically examined 1,787 postmortem tissue samples of various brain regions and spinal cords from hundreds of patients (144 control, 291 ALS, and 117 FTD) who died before the age of 45 but had no family history. The samples were taken from the NIH NeuroBioBank.
Using molecular inversion probe (MIP)-panel sequencing of 88 neurodegeneration-associated genes, they discovered that about 2.1% of sporadic cases carried damaging somatic mutations in one of these disease-related genes. These mutations were extremely rare within the tissue, often present in less than 2% of cells. What makes the discovery noteworthy is where those mutations appear: rather than being distributed throughout the brain, they were concentrated in disease-affected areas, such as the motor cortex and spinal cord in ALS. This pattern suggests that neurodegeneration may begin in a small cluster of genetically altered cells before spreading outward. That idea aligns with existing theories that ALS and FTD progression involve the movement of toxic proteins, particularly TDP-43, between cells in a prion-like manner. A single focal mutation could initiate this cascade, effectively “seeding” disease.
Senior author Christopher A. Walsh, MD, PhD, Howard Hughes Medical Institute investigator and professor at BCH and HMS, told Inside Precision Medicine, “Above all, it suggests that the genes, or at least some of the genes, that drive the disease don’t necessarily have their toxic effects only in the neurons carrying the mutation. Or that some neurons are impacted and that leads to a domino effect that somehow impacts neurons that don’t carry the mutation.”
The study also identified mutations in unexpected genes, including DYNC1H1 and LMNA, which are typically linked to severe childhood neurological disorders. Inherited versions of these mutations are often incompatible with long-term survival, but when present only in a subset of brain cells, they may allow normal early development followed by late-onset neurodegeneration. In another key finding, researchers detected spontaneous expansions in the C9orf72 gene—the most common genetic cause of inherited ALS and FTD—arising directly within brain tissue. This provides some of the first evidence that such disease-causing expansions can occur somatically rather than being inherited.
Together, the results point to a new model of disease: ALS and FTD may not always begin with widespread genetic risk but instead with rare, localized mutations that trigger broader neurodegeneration over time. The discovery also highlights a major challenge for diagnosis. Because these mutations can be confined to the brain and present at extremely low levels, they would likely be missed by standard genetic tests using blood or saliva.
According to Walsh, the results highlight the importance of creating a more sophisticated clinical strategy. “Clinically translating these findings immediately is a challenge, because most of the variants we find are likely limited to the brain and hence unavailable to clinical sequencing,” said Walsh.
The researchers believe that these findings pave the way for novel methods, both for identifying concealed genetic alterations in the brain and for creating treatments that target early, localized disease processes before they proliferate.
Walsh said, “If we see that gene-directed anti-sense oligonucleotide (ASO) therapies (like the ongoing FUS trial) are incompletely effective, it could reflect that the degeneration is a widespread process. Or it may suggest the importance of starting these ASO trials at the earliest possible stage to try to block secondary processes.”
While the proportion of cases explained by these mutations is still small, the work underscores a growing realization in neuroscience: even a handful of altered cells may be enough to set off widespread brain disease.
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