IntroductionArtificial intelligence has become an increasingly relevant field of research in the study of Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD), offering novel technological approaches for the analysis, detection, and support of individuals on the autism spectrum. The aim of this study was to systematically review recent scientific literature examining the application of artificial intelligence in ASD.MethodsThe review was conducted following the PRISMA 2020 guidelines. Searches were performed in PubMed, Scopus, Dialnet, and Google Scholar, including studies published between 2019 and 2025. After applying predefined inclusion and exclusion criteria, 18 empirical studies were included in the final analysis. Methodological quality and risk of bias were assessed using Joanna Briggs Institute critical appraisal tools adapted to the methodological design of each study.ResultsCurrent research focuses primarily on four areas: early detection and diagnostic support, automated analysis of behavioral and social patterns, AI-based educational technologies, and communication support systems. Although the reviewed studies demonstrate promising advances in machine learning, computer vision, and natural language processing, important methodological limitations remain, particularly regarding external validation, dataset representativeness, and heterogeneity of performance indicators.DiscussionOverall, artificial intelligence shows considerable potential for supporting diagnosis, education, and communication in ASD; however, greater methodological robustness, transparency, and ethical safeguards remain necessary before broader implementation in real clinical and educational settings.
Head circumference assessment in pediatric MRI: a pilot study of manual measurement methods and automated segmentation-based alternatives
PurposeHead circumference (HC) is an important clinical parameter in neuropediatrics, but it is often missing or outdated in referral information. This can lead to subjective, reader-dependent estimation during MRI interpretation. We first aimed to compare magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)-based methods for HC measurement against the tape measure (ground truth), and second to establish an automated alternative.MethodsIn 23 children (mean age 4.5 years, range 0.5–17 years), HC was prospectively measured with a tape measure (ground truth) on the day of MRI. MRI-based HC measurements were derived from 3D T1-weighted MPRAGE and followed a two-step workflow: measurement plane selection and circumference measurement within that plane. Plane selection was performed using visual-based, rule-based, atlas-based [(infant) FreeSurfer], or neural network (nn)-based methods. Circumference measurement was performed using manual ellipsoid, manual contour, automated ellipsoid, or automated contour methods. The relative technical error of measurement (r-TEM; acceptable < 1.5%) and intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC; two-way mixed ANOVA model) were used to assess accuracy and consistency with the tape measure.ResultsVisual-based with manual ellipsoid/contour and rule-based with manual ellipsoid/contour showed acceptable accuracy (r-TEM 0.73%–1.12%). Visual-based with automated ellipsoid and rule-based with automated ellipsoid also demonstrated acceptable accuracy (r-TEM 0.77% and 0.68%). Atlas-based with automated ellipsoid achieved the lowest r-TEM (0.55%), followed by nn-based with automated ellipsoid (r-TEM 0.75%). In contrast, automated contour approaches showed unacceptable accuracy (r-TEM 3.42%–4.21%). Seven nn-based measurements with automated ellipsoid/contour were spurious. ICCs were high across all methods (0.993–0.997); however, manual contour and automated ellipsoid were associated with overfitting issues.ConclusionThe developed, fully automated algorithm based on (infant) FreeSurfer provides precise and reliable head circumference measurements from pediatric MRI scans with acceptable overall accuracy and excellent consistency with manual measurements using a tape (gold standard). Our algorithm simplifies the head circumference measurement process and provides a reproducible, reader-independent value that enhances the interpretation of neuroradiological findings. Further studies should be conducted to validate with larger sample sizes and to develop deep neural network algorithms for segmentation.
Sexual function in women with complex PTSD: a comparative study
BackgroundPosttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is associated with impaired sexual functioning in women, but the effects of complex PTSD (CPTSD) remain unclear. This study tested three hypotheses: (1) women with CPTSD would report lower overall sexual function than women with PTSD and trauma-exposed controls; (2) the pain domain would show the largest group differences; and (3) CPTSD symptom severity would be negatively associated with sexual function, while PTSD symptom severity would not.MethodsA cross-sectional study included 386 Mexican female university students (18–55 years) who completed the Female Sexual Function Index (FSFI), International Trauma Questionnaire (ITQ), and Adverse Childhood Experiences Questionnaire (ACE-IQ). Group differences were assessed using ANOVA with post-hoc comparisons. Multivariable linear regressions examined whether CPTSD severity predicted sexual function independently of PTSD severity and age. A sensitivity analysis excluded women aged 45 and older.ResultsFSFI total scores differed significantly across groups (F = 3.52, p = 0.031). Women with CPTSD reported lower overall sexual function (M = 26.56, SD = 6.41) than trauma-exposed controls (M = 28.86, SD = 5.03; p = 0.047). In the pain domain, women with CPTSD reported greater sexual pain than controls (F = 6.35, p = 0.002). Multivariable regressions showed that CPTSD severity predicted lower FSFI total scores (β = -0.22, p < 0.001), independent of age and PTSD severity (adjusted R2 = 0.028). For sexual pain, the bivariate association with CPTSD (rho = -0.16, p < 0.01) did not persist after adjusting for age; age was the only significant predictor (β = 0.02, p = 0.007). Sensitivity analyses yielded unchanged results.ConclusionsCPTSD severity is associated with poorer overall sexual function, independent of age and PTSD severity. However, the association with sexual pain did not persist after accounting for age. Clinical and research implications are discussed.
Logotherapy techniques to unlock resilience among Ukrainian refugees: a pre-post quasi-experimental design
The ongoing Russian-Ukrainian war has triggered a significant refugee crisis, resulting in widespread trauma, displacement, and mental health challenges among affected populations. This study aimed to explore the potential usefulness of logotherapy, a meaning-centered therapy, in addressing the mental health needs of Ukrainian refugees. The research was conducted in a naturalistic scenario of a group of 20 Ukrainian refugees residing in Europe who received a tailored logotherapy or meaning-centered psychological support, compared with controls who did not. Meaning-oriented techniques, namely, Socratic Dialogue, Modification of Attitude, Paradoxical Intention, and Dereflection were used during the intervention. Participants were assessed in a pre-post quasi-experimental design using validated self-report measures for anxiety (Generalized Anxiety Disorder-7), depression (Beck Depression Inventory), and general health (General Health Questionnaire-12). The improvements were clearly observed as reductions in their self-reported anxiety and depressive symptoms after the meaning-centeres psychological support. Overall, these preliminary findings indicate that logotherapy may be a promising and feasible approach to psychological support for refugee populations. However, given its pilot nature and quasi-experimental design, causal conclusions cannot be drawn, and further research using larger, randomized, and methodologically rigorous designs is warranted to examine long-term effects and broader applicability.
Psychological distress experiences among patients living with HIV: a qualitative systematic review
BackgroundHIV patients endure psychological distress throughout the phases of diagnosis, treatment, and rehabilitation, which considerably affects their quality of life. A thorough comprehension of patients’ psychological distress experiences is crucial for healthcare workers to devise focused solutions for enhanced care. This study aims to consolidate evidence concerning psychological distress in HIV patients and elucidate its sources and influencing factors.DesignA systematic review and meta-synthesis of qualitative studies.MethodsA thorough literature review was performed across eight electronic databases from inception to June 2025.Qualitative studies were selected if pertinent to the psychological distress experiences of HIV patients. The quality of qualifying studies was assessed utilizing JBI qualitative research quality evaluation standard. The thematic synthesis method was utilized to amalgamate the findings.ResultsA total of 1583 studies were identified through database research, and 11 studies were incorporated into the review. Three analytical themes emerged from the findings: individual factors including disease diagnosis and emotional dilemma; environmental factors including economic hardship, social environment and limited access to health support; interpersonal factors including decline in marital intimacy and insufficient support from family and friends.ConclusionPsychological distress is a subjective phenomenon influenced by the interaction of individual, environmental, and interpersonal factors, commonly seen in HIV patients. Effective therapeutic care requires understanding psychological distress prevalence and causes. Individualized, sustainable, and adaptive psychosocial care interventions should be taken to alleviate psychological distress, improve patients’ mental health and facilitate their reintegration into society.Systematic Review Registration:https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/PROSPERO/view, identifier CRD420251050269.
Affect before diagnosis: applying affective neuroscience to psychiatry
Jaak Panksepp spent nearly five decades mapping the primary-process affective systems of the mammalian brain across different species, producing a framework of considerable empirical power that is functionally invisible within psychiatry. Psychiatry has not built upon that literature in human contexts. Consequently, Affect has never occupied the foundational place in psychiatry that the evidence warrants. This paper attempts to close that gap and assembles twelve converging lines of evidence for subcortical primacy of Affect, including evidence not previously synthesized for this purpose: pseudobulbar affect, gelastic and dacrystic epilepsy, double dissociation of volitional and emotional facial expression, affective blindsight, and neonatal emotional behavior. The evidence shows that Affect is generated subcortically, the cortex modulates rather than creates it, and when cortical regulation is removed or impaired, affective states persist or intensify. From this evidence, personality is best understood as an individual’s position in a configuration space defined by subcortical Affect generation parameters and cortical regulatory capacity, with psychopathology occurring when signal intensity chronically exceeds or overwhelms regulatory capacity. This framework generates a specific clinical prediction: conditions that co-occur with personality pathology at rates incompatible with independent etiology are expressions of the same affective architecture through different conditioned channels, not independent diseases. Evidence confirms this directly: when personality pathology improves, its comorbid conditions decline substantially; when it does not, they persist. Further, the affective-regulatory framework transforms the clinical encounter by replacing a character verdict with a neurobiologically grounded account in which regulatory capacity is buildable and recovery is construction rather than correction.
Disrupted sensory interhemispheric synchronization in schizophrenia: a frequency-resolved VMHC analysis
BackgroundAberrant interhemispheric functional connectivity has been implicated in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia. Voxel-mirrored homotopic connectivity (VMHC) provides a reliable measure of interhemispheric synchronization, yet the frequency-specific characteristics of VMHC alterations in schizophrenia remain poorly understood.MethodsResting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging data were analyzed in patients with schizophrenia and matched healthy controls. VMHC was computed across frequency bands, with particular focus on slow-4 and slow-5 oscillations. Group differences, as well as group-by-frequency interactions, were assessed to identify frequency-specific disruption.ResultPatients with schizophrenia exhibited significantly reduced VMHC within key sensory networks, including primary visual and sensorimotor regions. Frequency-specific analyses revealed higher VMHC at slow-5 compared with slow-4 in visual gyrus and subcortical regions. Significant group-by-frequency interaction effects were observed in the middle occipital gyrus and postcentral gyrus, with post-hoc analyses indicating selectively reduced slow-4 VMHC in patients with schizophrenia.ConclusionThis study demonstrates frequency-dependent reductions of interhemispheric connectivity in schizophrenia, particularly within sensory systems. The findings highlight the disrupted integration of primary perceptual and motor-related processes as a core feature of schizophrenia and emphasize the utility of frequency-resolved VMHC analyses for refining our understanding of network dysfunction. Future longitudinal studies are warranted to determine the clinical significance of these frequency-specific alterations in illness progression and treatment response.
Efficacy and target engagement of dopamine agonist pramipexole for anhedonic depression: a randomized placebo-controlled trial
Nature Medicine, Published online: 12 June 2026; doi:10.1038/s41591-026-04465-9
Pramipexole, in patients with major depressive disorder, dysthymia or bipolar depression, reduced Snaith−Hamilton Pleasure Scale scores significantly compared to placebo.
The Hong Kong Genome Project is a flagship initiative for precision medicine in Chinese populations
Nature Medicine, Published online: 12 June 2026; doi:10.1038/s41591-026-04421-7
The Hong Kong Genome Project established a genome sequencing database that provides improved diagnoses for patients and more efficient, population-tailored carrier status screening. Actionable pharmacogenomic variants were identified in almost all participants, informing drug prescriptions. This work establishes a genomic resource and a transferable model for equitable precision medicine in underrepresented populations worldwide.
General-purpose large language models outperform specialized clinical AI tools on medical benchmarks
Nature Medicine, Published online: 12 June 2026; doi:10.1038/s41591-026-04431-5
In an independent evaluation, frontier large language models outperformed specialized clinical artificial intelligence tools on medical knowledge, clinician alignment and real-world clinical queries.